Understanding Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a complex and serious blood cancer that affects the plasma cells within the bone marrow. Plasma cells play a key role in the immune system by producing antibodies to fight infections. However, in multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells—known as myeloma cells—begin to grow uncontrollably, disrupting the normal balance of cells in the bone marrow and interfering with the body's ability to produce healthy blood cells.
How It Affects the Body
The growth of myeloma cells can have widespread effects. These cells can form clusters in the bone marrow, weakening the bones and making them more prone to fractures. This can lead to bone pain, particularly in areas like the spine, ribs, or pelvis. As these cells multiply, they can also suppress the production of healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia and causing symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Multiple myeloma can impair the immune system, leaving individuals more susceptible to infections. Additionally, the condition often causes high levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to symptoms such as nausea, confusion, and excessive thirst. Some patients may experience kidney dysfunction, which occurs when the proteins produced by the myeloma cells build up and strain the kidneys.
Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
Common symptoms of multiple myeloma often include persistent bone pain, fatigue, frequent infections, and unexplained weight loss. Other signs may involve numbness or weakness in the limbs (if the spinal cord is compressed) and bruising or bleeding due to low platelet counts. While some people experience noticeable symptoms, others may be diagnosed through routine blood tests conducted for unrelated reasons.
Risk Factors and Causes
The exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unclear, but researchers have identified various risk factors that may contribute to its development. Age is a significant factor, as most cases are diagnosed in individuals over 60. A family history of the condition may also increase the risk, along with genetic mutations in plasma cells. Additionally, individuals with a condition known as MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma. MGUS is a benign condition in which abnormal plasma cells produce a protein found in the blood, similar to what is seen in myeloma, but without other symptoms or damage. Environmental exposures, such as contact with industrial toxins or radiation, may also play a role in developing the disease. However, these connections are still being studied.
For more information, reach out to a local clinic, such as Alaska Oncology and Hematology LLC.
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